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1 membership
noun1) Mitgliedschaft, die (of in + Dat.); attrib. Mitglieds[karte, -ausweis, -beitrag]; Mitglieder[liste, -verzeichnis]2) (number of members) Mitgliederzahl, die3) (body of members) Mitglieder Pl.* * *1) (the state of being a member: membership of the Communist Party.) die Mitgliedschaft2) (a group of members: a society with a large membership.) die Mitgliederzahl3) (the amount of money paid to a society etc in order to become a member: The membership has increased to $5 this year.) der Mitgliedsbeitrag* * *mem·ber·ship[ˈmembəʃɪp, AM -bɚ-]n1. (people)▪ the \membership + sing/pl vb die Mitglieder plto resign one's \membership of sth aus etw dat austretento take out \membership [of [or AM in] a club] [einem Klub] beitretenannual \membership [fee] Jahresbeitrag m* * *['membəʃɪp]nMitgliedschaft f (of in +dat); (= number of members) Mitgliederzahl fwhen I applied for membership of the club — als ich mich um die Klubmitgliedschaft bewarb
* * *membership [ˈmembə(r)ʃıp] s1. (of, US auch in) Mitgliedschaft f (bei), Zugehörigkeit f (zu einer Vereinigung etc):membership application Mitgliedsantrag m;membership fee Mitgliedsbeitrag m;membership pack Mitgliedschaftsunterlagen pl2. Mitgliederzahl f:have a membership of 200 200 Mitglieder haben3. koll Mitgliederschaft f, (die) Mitglieder pl* * *noun1) Mitgliedschaft, die (of in + Dat.); attrib. Mitglieds[karte, -ausweis, -beitrag]; Mitglieder[liste, -verzeichnis]2) (number of members) Mitgliederzahl, die3) (body of members) Mitglieder Pl.* * *n.Anhängerschaft f.Mitgliedschaft f. -
2 Portuguese Communist Party
(PCP)The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) has evolved from its early anarcho-syndicalist roots at its formation in 1921. This evolution included the undisciplined years of the 1920s, during which bolshevization began and continued into the 1930s, then through the years of clandestine existence during the Estado Novo, the Stalinization of the 1940s, the "anarcho-liberal shift" of the 1950s, the emergence of Maoist and Trotskyist splinter groups of the 1960s, to legalization after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 as the strongest and oldest political party in Portugal. Documents from the Russian archives have shown that the PCP's history is not a purely "domestic" one. While the PCP was born on its own without Soviet assistance, once it joined the Communist International (CI), it lost a significant amount of autonomy as CI officials increasingly meddled in PCP internal politics by dictating policy, manipulating leadership elections, and often financing party activities.Early Portuguese communism was a mix of communist ideological strands accustomed to a spirited internal debate, a lively external debate with its rivals, and a loose organizational structure. The PCP, during its early years, was weak in grassroots membership and was basically a party of "notables." It was predominantly a male organization, with minuscule female participation. It was also primarily an urban party concentrated in Lisbon. The PCP membership declined from 3,000 in 1923 to only 40 in 1928.In 1929, the party was reorganized so that it could survive clandestinely. As its activity progressed in the 1930s, a long period of instability dominated its leadership organs as a result of repression, imprisonments, and disorganization. The CI continued to intervene in party affairs through the 1930s, until the PCP was expelled from the CI in 1938-39, apparently because of its conduct during police arrests.The years of 1939-41 were difficult ones for the party, not only because of increased domestic repression but also because of internal party splits provoked by the Nazi-Soviet pact and other foreign actions. From 1940 to 1941, two Communist parties struggled to attract the support of the CI and accused each other of "revisionism." The CI was disbanded in 1943, and the PCP was not accepted back into the international communist family until its recognition by the Cominform in 1947.The reorganization of 1940-41 finally put the PCP under the firm control of orthodox communists who viewed socialism from a Soviet perspective. Although Soviet support was denied the newly reorganized party at first, the new leaders continued its Stalinization. The enforcement of "democratic centralism" and insistence upon the "dictatorship of the proletariat" became entrenched. The 1940s brought increased growth, as the party reached its membership apex of the clandestine era with 1,200 members in 1943, approximately 4,800 in 1946, and 7,000 in 1947.The party fell on hard times in the 1950s. It developed a bad case of paranoia, which led to a witch hunt for infiltrators, informers, and spies in all ranks of the party. The lower membership figures who followed the united antifascist period were reduced further through expulsions of the "traitors." By 1951, the party had been reduced to only 1,000 members. It became a closed, sectarian, suspicious, and paranoiac organization, with diminished strength in almost every region, except in the Alentejo, where the party, through propaganda and ideology more than organizational strength, was able to mobilize strikes of landless peasants in the early 1950s.On 3 January 1960, Álvaro Cunhal and nine other political prisoners made a spectacular escape from the Peniche prison and fled the country. Soon after this escape, Cunhal was elected secretary-general and, with other top leaders, directed the PCP from exile. Trotskyite and Maoist fractions emerged within the party in the 1960s, strengthened by the ideological developments in the international communist movement, such as in China and Cuba. The PCP would not tolerate dissent or leftism and began purging the extreme left fractions.The PCP intensified its control of the labor movement after the more liberal syndical election regulations under Prime Minister Mar- cello Caetano allowed communists to run for leadership positions in the corporative unions. By 1973, there was general unrest in the labor movement due to deteriorating economic conditions brought on by the colonial wars, as well as by world economic pressures including the Arab oil boycott.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the PCP enjoyed a unique position: it was the only party to have survived the Estado Novo. It emerged from clandestinity as the best organized political party in Portugal with a leadership hardened by years in jail. Since then, despite the party's stubborn orthodoxy, it has consistently played an important role as a moderating force. As even the Socialist Party (PS) was swept up by the neoliberal tidal wave, albeit a more compassionate variant, increasingly the PCP has played a crucial role in ensuring that interests and perspectives of the traditional Left are aired.One of the most consistent planks of the PCP electoral platform has been opposition to every stage of European integration. The party has regularly resisted Portuguese membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and, following membership beginning in 1986, the party has regularly resisted further integration through the European Union (EU). A major argument has been that EU membership would not resolve Portugal's chronic economic problems but would only increase its dependence on the world. Ever since, the PCP has argued that its opposition to membership was correct and that further involvement with the EU would only result in further economic dependence and a consequent loss of Portuguese national sovereignty. Further, the party maintained that as Portugal's ties with the EU increased, the vulnerable agrarian sector in Portugal would risk further losses.Changes in PCP leadership may or may not alter the party's electoral position and role in the political system. As younger generations forget the uniqueness of the party's resistance to the Estado Novo, public images of PCP leadership will change. As the image of Álvaro Cunhal and other historical communist leaders slowly recedes, and the stature of Carlos Carvalhas (general secretary since 1992) and other moderate leaders is enhanced, the party's survival and legitimacy have strengthened. On 6 March 2001, the PCP celebrated its 80th anniversary.See also Left Bloc.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Portuguese Communist Party
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3 show
ʃəu
1. past tense - showed; verb1) (to allow or cause to be seen: Show me your new dress; Please show your membership card when you come to the club; His work is showing signs of improvement.) enseñar, mostrar2) (to be able to be seen: The tear in your dress hardly shows; a faint light showing through the curtains.) notarse, verse3) (to offer or display, or to be offered or displayed, for the public to look at: Which picture is showing at the cinema?; They are showing a new film; His paintings are being shown at the art gallery.) exhibir4) (to point out or point to: He showed me the road to take; Show me the man you saw yesterday.) indicar, mostrar5) ((often with (a)round) to guide or conduct: Please show this lady to the door; They showed him (a)round (the factory).) conducir, acompañar6) (to demonstrate to: Will you show me how to do it?; He showed me a clever trick.) enseñar7) (to prove: That just shows / goes to show how stupid he is.) demostrar8) (to give or offer (someone) kindness etc: He showed him no mercy.) mostrar
2. noun1) (an entertainment, public exhibition, performance etc: a horse-show; a flower show; the new show at the theatre; a TV show.) exposición, espectáculo2) (a display or act of showing: a show of strength.) exhibición, demostración, alarde3) (an act of pretending to be, do etc (something): He made a show of working, but he wasn't really concentrating.) ostentación, apariencia4) (appearance, impression: They just did it for show, in order to make themselves seem more important than they are.) ostentación, apariencia5) (an effort or attempt: He put up a good show in the chess competition.) actuación•- showy- showiness
- show-business
- showcase
- showdown
- showground
- show-jumping
- showman
- showroom
- give the show away
- good show!
- on show
- show off
- show up
show1 n1. espectáculo2. programa3. feria / exposiciónshow2 vb1. mostrar / enseñar2. demostrar3. verse / notarse
show /ʃou/, /tʃou/ sustantivo masculino (pl
show sustantivo masculino show Locuciones: fam pey (llamar la atención) montar/dar un show, to make a scene ' show' also found in these entries: Spanish: acusar - acusarse - adorno - alzada - alzado - amable - aparentar - arrojar - boato - charlatán - charlatana - chula - chulo - concurso - dar - decir - delicia - demostrar - demostración - desarrollarse - desfile - despliegue - deterioro - echar - ensañarse - enseñar - espectáculo - estimable - evidencia - evidenciar - exhibir - exhibirse - expuesta - expuesto - exteriorizar - fanfarrón - fanfarrona - fanfarronear - fantasma - fastuosa - fastuoso - gala - guiñol - horterada - indicar - lucir - lucirse - manifestar - mano - marcar English: chat show - colour - delight - door - embarrassing - fashion show - favor - favour - flop - grandiose - guide - hand - mill about - mill around - parody - peep show - puppet show - quiz - rope - sensitivity - show - show in - show off - show out - show round - show up - show-jumper - show-jumping - show-off - show-stopper - shown - sign - sought-after - spectacle - spectacular - steal - talk-show - variety show - all - bear - belie - bristle - chat - comedy - demonstrate - display - dog - editor - entertainment - fashiontr[ʃəʊ]3 (exhibition) exposición nombre femenino4 (display) muestra, demostración nombre femenino■ a show of strength una demostración de fuerza, una exhibición de fuerza5 (outward appearance, pretence) apariencia6 (ostentation, pomp) alarde nombre masculino■ it's all for show es pura fachada, todo es para aparentar7 familiar (organization) negocio, tinglado■ who runs this show? ¿quién manda aquí?1 (display -gen) enseñar; (- things for sale) mostrar, enseñar2 (point out) indicar, señalar■ do you want me to show you the way? ¿quieres que te indique el camino?3 (reveal - feelings) demostrar, expresar; (- interest, enthusiasm, etc) demostrar, mostrar4 (allow to be seen) dejar ver5 (measurement etc) marcar; (profit, loss) indicar, registrar, arrojar■ the clock showed 4.25 el reloj marcaba las 4.25■ the thermometer shows a temperature of 20 degrees el termómetro marca una temperatura de 20 grados■ figures out today show that inflation is up by 2% cifras publicadas hoy indican que la inflación ha subido un 2%■ I'll show him! ¡se va a enterar!7 (prove, demonstrate) demostrar■ research has shown that the common cold can be cured las investigaciones han demostrado que se puede curar el resfriado común8 (depict, present) representar, mostrar9 (guide) llevar, acompañar■ will you show Mr. Smith out please? ¿quieres acompañar al Sr. Smith a la puerta por favor?10 (painting etc) exponer, exhibir; (film) dar, poner, pasar, proyectar; (slides) pasar, proyectar; (on TV) dar, poner■ they're showing "Dracula" at the Rex dan "Drácula" en el Rex■ are they showing the match live? ¿dan el partido en directo?1 (be perceptible) verse, notarse■ I did it quickly - yes, it shows! lo hice deprisa - ¡sí, se nota!2 SMALLCINEMA/SMALL poner, dar, echar, proyectar, exhibir■ what's showing at the Odeon? ¿qué dan en el Odeon?, ¿qué echan en el Odeon?3 familiar (appear, turn up) aparecer, presentarse\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLit just goes to show! ¡hay que ver!let's get this show on the road! ¡manos a la obra!the show must go on el espectáculo debe continuartime will show el tiempo lo diráto be all show ser puro teatro, ser fingido,-ato be on show estar expuesto,-ato have nothing to show for something no reportarle a uno ningún beneficio■ he had nothing to show for a life's work except a stupid watch lo único que tenía como recompensa a una vida dedicada al trabajo era un estúpido relojto have something to show for something tener algo que recompensa■ at least you've got something to show for it al menos tienes algo que recompensa el esfuerzo que has hecho■ and what have you got to show for it? ¿y qué tienes como recompensa?, ¿y qué beneficio te ha reportado?to put on/up a good show hacer un buen papel, estar muy biento show a leg levantarseto show one's age notársele los años a unoto show one's face asomar la carato show one's teeth mostrar los dientes, enseñar los dientesto show somebody the door echar a alguien (a la calle)to show signs of something dar señales de algo, dar muestras de algoto show the way (set an example) dar ejemploto steal the show llevarse la palmaagricultural show feria del campoboat show salón nombre masculino náuticofashion show desfile nombre masculino de modeloshorse show concurso hípicoquiz show programa nombre masculino concursoshow business el mundo del espectáculoshow house casa pilotoshow trial juicio amañado (para influir en la opinión pública)1) display: mostrar, enseñar2) reveal: demostrar, manifestar, revelarhe showed himself to be a coward: se reveló como cobarde3) teach: enseñar4) prove: demostrar, probar5) conduct, direct: llevar, acompañarto show someone the way: indicarle el camino a alguien6) : proyectar (una película), dar (un programa de televisión)show vi1) : notarse, versethe stain doesn't show: la mancha no se ve2) appear: aparecer, dejarse vershow n1) : demostración fa show of force: una demostración de fuerza2) exhibition: exposición f, exhibición fflower show: exposición de floresto be on show: estar expuesto3) : espectáculo m (teatral), programa m (de televisión, etc.)to go to a show: ir al teatron.• actuación s.f.• atuendo s.m.• bambolla s.f.• boato s.m.• celebridad s.f.• demostración s.f.• espectáculo s.m.• exhibición s.f.• función s.f.• lucimiento s.m.• manifestación s.f.• ostensión s.f.• pompa s.f.v.(§ p.,p.p.: showed) or p.p.: shown•) = demostrar v.• denotar v.• enseñar v.• exhibir v.• exponer v.• lucir v.• manifestarse v.• mostrar v.• ostentar v.• presentar v.• probar v.• representar v.• revelar v.• señalar v.
I
1. ʃeʊ1)a) \<\<photograph/passport\>\> mostrar*, enseñarto show somebody something, to show something TO somebody — mostrarle* algo a alguien
to have nothing/something to show for something: they had little/nothing to show for their years of work vieron poco/no vieron recompensados sus años de trabajo; she has something to show for her efforts — sus esfuerzos han dado fruto or le han reportado algo
b) \<\<feelings\>\> demostrar*, exteriorizar*; \<\<interest/enthusiasm/taste\>\> demostrar*, mostrar*; \<\<courage\>\> demostrar* (tener)he shows her no respect — no le tiene ningún respeto, le falta al respeto
could you show me the way? — ¿me podría indicar el camino?
c) ( allow to be seen)2)a) (depict, present)does the map show places of interest? — ¿están señalados or marcados en el mapa los lugares de interés?
as shown in fig. 2 — como se indica or se muestra en la figura 2
b) (record, register) \<\<barometer/dial/indicator\>\> marcar*, señalar, indicar*; \<\<profit/loss\>\> arrojar3)a) ( demonstrate) \<\<truth/importance\>\> demostrar*it just goes to show how wrong you can be about people — eso te demuestra cómo te puedes equivocar con la gente
b) ( teach) enseñarI'll show them! — (colloq) ya van a ver!
4) ( by accompanying) (+ adv compl)he showed us to our seats — nos llevó or nos acompañó hasta nuestros asientos
to show somebody in — hacer* pasar a alguien
to show somebody over a building — mostrarle* or enseñarle a alguien un edificio
5)a) ( screen) \<\<movie\>\> dar*, pasar, proyectar (frml), poner* (Esp); \<\<program\>\> dar*, poner* (Esp), emitir (frml); \<\<slides\>\> pasar, proyectar (frml)b) ( exhibit) \<\<paintings/sculpture\>\> exponer*, exhibir; \<\<horse/dog\>\> presentar, exponer*
2.
vi1) ( be visible) \<\<dirt/stain\>\> verse*, notarse; \<\<emotion/scar\>\> notarseI did it in a hurry - yes, it shows! — lo hice deprisa y corriendo - sí, se nota! or sí, y así quedó!
to show through — verse*
2)a) ( be screened) ( Cin)it's showing at the Trocadero — la están dando en el Trocadero, la ponen en el Trocadero (Esp)
b) ( exhibit) \<\<artist\>\> exponer*, exhibir3) ( turn up) (colloq) aparecer*
3.
v refla) ( become visible) \<\<person\>\> asomarse, dejarse verb) ( prove to be) demostrar* ser; ( turn out to be) resultar serPhrasal Verbs:- show off- show up
II
agricultural show — feria f agrícola y ganadera, exposición f rural (RPl)
to be on show — estar* expuesto or en exhibición
to put something on show — exponer* algo; (before n)
show house — (BrE) casa f piloto
2) ca) ( stage production) espectáculo mto get the show on the road — (colloq) poner* manos a la obra
let's get this show on the road — manos a la obra!
to steal the show — \<\<actor\>\> robarse el espectáculo, llevarse todos los aplausos
b) (on television, radio) programa m3) (no pl)a) ( display) muestra f, demostración fb) ( outward appearance)I made a show of enthusiasm — fingí estar entusiasmado; alarde m
4) (colloq) (no pl)a) (activity, organization) asunto mto run the show — llevar la voz cantante, llevar la batuta (fam), ser* el amo del cotarro (fam)
b) ( performance) (BrE)to put up a good/poor show — hacer* un buen/mal papel, defenderse* bien/mal
[ʃǝʊ] (vb: pt showed) (pp shown)good show! — espléndido!, bravo!
1. N1) (=showing) demostración f, manifestación f2) (=exhibition) exposición f ; [of trade] feria fflower 3., horse 2., Lord Mayor•
to be on show — estar expuesto3) (=sight)4) (Theat)a) (=performance) espectáculo m, función f•
to go to a show — ir al teatro•
the last show starts at 11 — la última función empieza a las 11•
there is no show on Sundays — el domingo no hay función•
to stage a show — montar un espectáculob) (fig)•
bad show! — ¡malo!•
good show! * — ¡muy bien hecho!to put up a good show * — dar buena cuenta de sí, hacer un buen papel
•
on with the show!, the show must go on! — ¡que siga el espectáculo!•
to put up a poor show * — no dar buena cuenta de sí, hacer un mal papel- give the show away- steal the show5) (Rad, TV) programa m6) (=outward appearance) apariencia f•
it's all show with him — en su caso todo es apariencia, todo lo hace para impresionar•
to do sth for show — hacer algo para impresionarit's just for show — (behaviour) es para impresionar nada más; (object) (=for decoration) es solo un adorno; (=not real) es de adorno
•
the party made a show of unity at its conference — el partido presentó una fachada de gran unidad en su congreso7) (=affected display) alarde m8) * (=organization)•
who's in charge of this show? — ¿quién manda aquí?•
this is my show — aquí mando yo•
he runs the show — manda él, él es el amo2. VT1) (gen) enseñar, mostrarto show sb sth, show sth to sb — enseñar or mostrar algo a algn
have I shown you my hat? — ¿te he enseñado or mostrado ya mi sombrero?
he showed me his new car — me enseñó or mostró su nuevo coche
to show o.s.: she won't show herself here again — no volverá a dejarse ver por aquí
come on, show yourself! — vamos, ¡sal de ahí!
it shows itself in his speech — se revela en su forma de hablar, se le nota en el habla
•
don't show your face here again — no te vuelvas a dejar ver por aquí•
he had nothing to show for his trouble — no vió recompensado su esfuerzo, no le lució nada el esfuerzo2) (=exhibit) [+ paintings] exhibir; [+ goods] exponer; [+ film] proyectar, pasar; [+ slides] proyectar; (Theat) representar, dar *3) (=indicate) [dial, gauge, instrument] marcarthe speedometer shows a speed of... — el velocímetro marca...
it shows 200 degrees — marca or indica 200 grados
•
the clock shows two o'clock — el reloj marca las dos•
the figures show a rise — las cifras arrojan un aumento•
to show a loss/ profit — (Comm) arrojar un saldo negativo/positivo4) (=demonstrate) demostrarto show that... — demostrar que..., hacer ver que...
it just goes to show (that)... — queda demostrado (que)...
I showed him that this could not be true — le hice ver or demostré que esto no podía ser cierto
•
this shows him to be a coward — esto deja manifiesto lo cobarde que es, esto demuestra que es un cobarde•
I'll show him! * — ¡ya va a ver!, ¡ese se va a enterar!•
to show what one is made of — demostrar de lo que uno es capaz5) (=express, manifest) demostrar•
to show his disagreement, he... — para mostrar su disconformidad, él...•
he showed no fear — no demostró tener miedo, no mostró ningún miedo•
she showed great intelligence — demostró ser muy inteligente, mostró gran inteligencia•
the choice of dishes shows excellent taste — la selección de platos demuestra or muestra un gusto muy fino6) (=reveal)•
to show o.s. incompetent — descubrir su incompetencia, mostrarse incompetente7) (=direct, conduct)to show sb the door — (fig) echar a algn con cajas destempladas
•
to show sb into a room — hacer que pase algn, hacer entrar a algn en un cuartothey showed us round the garden — nos mostraron or enseñaron el jardín
who is going to show us round? — ¿quién actuará de guía?, ¿quién será nuestro guía?
3. VI1) [stain, emotion, underskirt] notarse, verseit doesn't show — no se ve, no se nota
fear showed on her face — se le notaba or frm manifestaba el miedo en la cara
don't worry, it won't show — no te preocupes, no se notará
"I've never been riding before" - "it shows" — -nunca había montado a caballo antes -se nota
2) [film]there's a horror film showing at the Odeon — están pasando or (LAm) dando una película de horror en el Odeón
3) (=demonstrate)it just goes to show that...! — ¡hay que ver que...!
4.CPDshow apartment N — (Brit) apartamento m modelo, piso m piloto (Sp), departamento m piloto or modelo (LAm)
showbiz column, showbiz reportershow biz *, show business N — el mundo del espectáculo
show flat N — (Brit) apartamento m modelo, piso m piloto (Sp), departamento m piloto or modelo (LAm)
show home, show house N — (Brit) casa f modelo, casa f piloto
show jumper N — participante mf en concursos de saltos or de hípica
show jumping N — concursos mpl de saltos or de hípica
show trial N — proceso m organizado con fines propagandísticos
show window N — escaparate m
- show in- show off- show out- show up* * *
I
1. [ʃeʊ]1)a) \<\<photograph/passport\>\> mostrar*, enseñarto show somebody something, to show something TO somebody — mostrarle* algo a alguien
to have nothing/something to show for something: they had little/nothing to show for their years of work vieron poco/no vieron recompensados sus años de trabajo; she has something to show for her efforts — sus esfuerzos han dado fruto or le han reportado algo
b) \<\<feelings\>\> demostrar*, exteriorizar*; \<\<interest/enthusiasm/taste\>\> demostrar*, mostrar*; \<\<courage\>\> demostrar* (tener)he shows her no respect — no le tiene ningún respeto, le falta al respeto
could you show me the way? — ¿me podría indicar el camino?
c) ( allow to be seen)2)a) (depict, present)does the map show places of interest? — ¿están señalados or marcados en el mapa los lugares de interés?
as shown in fig. 2 — como se indica or se muestra en la figura 2
b) (record, register) \<\<barometer/dial/indicator\>\> marcar*, señalar, indicar*; \<\<profit/loss\>\> arrojar3)a) ( demonstrate) \<\<truth/importance\>\> demostrar*it just goes to show how wrong you can be about people — eso te demuestra cómo te puedes equivocar con la gente
b) ( teach) enseñarI'll show them! — (colloq) ya van a ver!
4) ( by accompanying) (+ adv compl)he showed us to our seats — nos llevó or nos acompañó hasta nuestros asientos
to show somebody in — hacer* pasar a alguien
to show somebody over a building — mostrarle* or enseñarle a alguien un edificio
5)a) ( screen) \<\<movie\>\> dar*, pasar, proyectar (frml), poner* (Esp); \<\<program\>\> dar*, poner* (Esp), emitir (frml); \<\<slides\>\> pasar, proyectar (frml)b) ( exhibit) \<\<paintings/sculpture\>\> exponer*, exhibir; \<\<horse/dog\>\> presentar, exponer*
2.
vi1) ( be visible) \<\<dirt/stain\>\> verse*, notarse; \<\<emotion/scar\>\> notarseI did it in a hurry - yes, it shows! — lo hice deprisa y corriendo - sí, se nota! or sí, y así quedó!
to show through — verse*
2)a) ( be screened) ( Cin)it's showing at the Trocadero — la están dando en el Trocadero, la ponen en el Trocadero (Esp)
b) ( exhibit) \<\<artist\>\> exponer*, exhibir3) ( turn up) (colloq) aparecer*
3.
v refla) ( become visible) \<\<person\>\> asomarse, dejarse verb) ( prove to be) demostrar* ser; ( turn out to be) resultar serPhrasal Verbs:- show off- show up
II
agricultural show — feria f agrícola y ganadera, exposición f rural (RPl)
to be on show — estar* expuesto or en exhibición
to put something on show — exponer* algo; (before n)
show house — (BrE) casa f piloto
2) ca) ( stage production) espectáculo mto get the show on the road — (colloq) poner* manos a la obra
let's get this show on the road — manos a la obra!
to steal the show — \<\<actor\>\> robarse el espectáculo, llevarse todos los aplausos
b) (on television, radio) programa m3) (no pl)a) ( display) muestra f, demostración fb) ( outward appearance)I made a show of enthusiasm — fingí estar entusiasmado; alarde m
4) (colloq) (no pl)a) (activity, organization) asunto mto run the show — llevar la voz cantante, llevar la batuta (fam), ser* el amo del cotarro (fam)
b) ( performance) (BrE)to put up a good/poor show — hacer* un buen/mal papel, defenderse* bien/mal
good show! — espléndido!, bravo!
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4 life
life [laɪf]vie ⇒ 1 (a)-(d), 1 (f)-(i), 1 (k) sensation ⇒ 1 (e) nature ⇒ 1 (j) réalité ⇒ 1 (j) prison à vie ⇒ 1 (l) durée ⇒ 1 (m) à vie ⇒ 2(pl lives [laɪvz])1 noun(a) (existence) vie f;∎ to give life to sb donner la vie à qn;∎ they believe in life after death ils croient à la vie après la mort;∎ it's a matter of life and death c'est une question de vie ou de mort;∎ life is hard la vie est dure;∎ life has been good to us la vie nous a gâtés;∎ he hasn't seen much of life il ne connaît pas grand-chose de la vie;∎ you really see life as a cop quand on est flic, on en voit de toutes les couleurs;∎ there have been several attempts on her life elle a été victime de plusieurs attentats;∎ he's in hospital fighting for his life il lutte contre la mort à l'hôpital;∎ familiar how's life? comment ça va?;∎ what a life! quelle vie!;∎ just relax and enjoy life! profite donc un peu de la vie!;∎ I want to live my own life je veux vivre ma vie;∎ is life worth living? la vie vaut-elle la peine d'être vécue?;∎ life is worth living when I'm with her avec elle, la vie vaut la peine d'être vécue;∎ meeting him has made my life worth living le rencontrer ou notre rencontre a donné un sens à ma vie;∎ he makes her life a misery il lui rend la vie impossible;∎ hundreds lost their lives des centaines de personnes ont trouvé la mort;∎ he emigrated in order to make a new life for himself il a émigré pour commencer une nouvelle vie ou pour repartir à zéro;∎ to depart this life quitter ce monde;∎ to save sb's life sauver la vie à qn;∎ to risk one's life (to do sth) risquer sa vie (à faire qch);∎ to risk life and limb risquer sa peau;∎ a cat has nine lives un chat a neuf vies;∎ to have nine lives (person) avoir l'âme chevillée au corps;∎ to take sb's life tuer qn;∎ she took her own life elle s'est donné la mort;∎ she's the only woman in his life c'est la seule femme dans sa vie;∎ to run for one's life or for dear life s'enfuir à toutes jambes;∎ run for your lives! sauve qui peut!;∎ she was hanging on for dear life elle s'accrochait de toutes ses forces;∎ for the life of me I can't remember where we met rien à faire, je n'arrive pas à me rappeler où nous nous sommes rencontrés;∎ familiar get a life! t'as rien de mieux à faire de ton temps?;∎ familiar he can't sing to save his life il chante comme un pied;∎ not on your life! jamais de la vie!;∎ you take your life in your hands when cycling in London on risque sa vie quand on fait du vélo à Londres;∎ that's life!, such is life! c'est la vie!;∎ this is the life! (ça, c'est) la belle vie!;∎ I had the time of my life je ne me suis jamais autant amusé;∎ archaic upon my life seigneur!, mon Dieu!(b) (period of existence) vie f;∎ I've worked hard all my life j'ai travaillé dur toute ma vie;∎ in his early life quand il était jeune;∎ I began life as a labourer j'ai débuté dans la vie comme ouvrier;∎ it began life as a car chassis à l'origine c'était un châssis de voiture;∎ we don't want to spend the rest of our lives here on ne veut pas finir nos jours ici;∎ I've never eaten snails in my life je n'ai jamais mangé d'escargots de ma vie;∎ I ran the race of my life! j'ai fait la course de ma vie!;∎ it gave me the fright of my life je n'ai jamais eu aussi peur de ma vie;∎ the fire destroyed her life's work l'incendie a détruit l'œuvre de toute sa vie;∎ to mate for life (animal, bird) s'unir pour la vie(c) (mode of existence) vie f;∎ they lead a strange life ils mènent une drôle de vie;∎ school life la vie scolaire;∎ she's not used to city life elle n'a pas l'habitude de vivre en ville;∎ married life la vie conjugale;∎ familiar to live the life of Riley mener une vie de pacha;∎ life at the top! la grande vie!(d) (living things collectively) vie f;∎ is there life on Mars? y a-t-il de la vie sur Mars?(e) (UNCOUNT) (physical feeling) sensation f;∎ life began to return to her frozen fingers le sang se remit peu à peu à circuler dans ses doigts gelés(f) (liveliness) vie f;∎ she's still young and full of life elle est encore jeune et pleine de vie;∎ there's no life in this place ça manque d'entrain ici;∎ there's a lot more life in Sydney than in Wellington Sydney est nettement plus animé que Wellington;∎ to come to life s'animer;∎ to bring sb to life (play, book etc) faire vivre qn;∎ his arrival put new life into the firm son arrivée a donné un coup de fouet à l'entreprise;∎ there's life in the old dog yet! il est encore vert, le bonhomme!;∎ she was the life and soul of the party c'est elle qui a mis de l'ambiance dans la soirée, elle fut le boute-en-train de la soirée(g) (living person) vie f;∎ a phone call can save a life un coup de fil peut sauver une vie;∎ 200 lives were lost in the disaster 200 personnes ont perdu la vie dans la catastrophe, la catastrophe a fait 200 morts;∎ no lives were lost il n'y a eu aucune victime, on ne déplore aucune victime(h) (durability) (durée f de) vie f;∎ double the life of your batteries multipliez par deux la durée de vos piles;∎ the average life of an isotope la durée de vie moyenne d'un isotope;∎ during the life of the previous government sous le gouvernement précédent(i) (biography) vie f;∎ she's writing a life of James Joyce elle écrit une biographie de James Joyce∎ to draw from life dessiner d'après nature;∎ his novels are very true to life ses romans sont très réalistes;∎ that's her to the life c'est elle tout craché(k) (in games) vie f;∎ when you lose three lives you're out quand on perd trois vies, on est éliminé∎ the kidnappers got life les ravisseurs ont été condamnés à perpétuité ou à la prison à vie;∎ he's doing life il purge une peine à perpétuité(post, member, president) à vie∎ he was crippled for life il a été estropié à vie;∎ sent to prison for life condamné à perpétuité;∎ if you help me, I'll be your friend for life si tu m'aides, je serai ton ami pour la vie;∎ a job for life un emploi à vie►► Finance life annuity rente f viagère;British life assurance assurance-vie f;Life Assurance and Unit Trust Regulatory Organization = organisme britannique contrôlant les activités de compagnies d'assurance-vie et de SICAV;life belt bouée f de sauvetage;life buoy bouée f de sauvetage;Finance life capitalization capitalisation f viagère;life class cours m de dessin avec modèle nu;life cycle cycle m de vie;life drawing dessin m d'après modèle;life expectancy (of human, animal) espérance f de vie; (of machine, product) durée f (utile) de vie;the Life Guards = régiment de cavalerie de la garde royale britannique;life history vie f;∎ the organism takes on many different forms during its life history l'organisme prend de nombreuses formes au cours de sa vie ou de son existence;∎ she told me her whole life history elle m'a raconté l'histoire de sa vie;life imprisonment prison f à vie;life insurance assurance-vie f;∎ to take out life insurance contracter une assurance-vie;life jacket gilet m de sauvetage;life member membre m à vie;life membership adhésion f à vie;British life peer pair m à vie;British life peerage pairie f à vie;Finance life pension pension f à vie;life raft radeau m de sauvetage;American Life Saver ® = bonbon acidulé en forme de bouée de sauvetage;the life sciences les sciences fpl de la vie;∎ anthropology is a life science l'anthropologie fait partie des sciences de la vie;life sentence condamnation f à vie ou à perpétuité;life skills = aptitude à fonctionner efficacement en société;life story biographie f;∎ she told me her whole life story elle m'a raconté l'histoire de sa vie;∎ familiar just give us the facts, we don't need your life story! tenez-vous-en aux faits, inutile de nous raconter votre vie!;life subscription abonnement m à vie;life tenant usufruitier(ère) m,f;life vest gilet m de sauvetage -
5 put\ up
1. III1) put up smth. /smth. up/ put up the sails (a flag, streamers, etc.) поднимать паруса и т.д.; put up a hand поднять руку; put up one's hands поднять руки, сдаться; put them up! coll. руки вверх!; put up a signal of distress подавать сигнал бедствия; put one's hair up делать высокую прическу; he often puts up the window and lets in fresh air он часто открывает окно и проветривает [помещение]; put up the shutters закрывать ставни id put smb.'s back up рассердить /вывести из себя/ кого-л.2) put up smth. /smth. up/ put up new houses (a shed, a building, etc.) строить /воздвигать, возводить/ новые дома и т.д.; put up a tent поставить палатку; put up a wall возвести стену; put up a finger-post поставить дорожный указатель3) put up smth. /smth. up/ put up a notice-board (shelves, swings, a hammock, etc.) повесить доску для объявлений и т.д.; put up a notice (a sign, a poster, etc.) вывешивать объявление и т.д.4) put up smth. /smth. up/ put up prices (entrance fees, membership dues, etc.) повышать /поднимать/ цены и т.д.; worry will put up my temperature от беспокойства у меня поднимается температура5) put up smb. /smb. up/ that inn can put up 300 guests в этой гостинице можно разместить триста человек /гостей/; I can't put you up я не смогу приютить вас; some friends have offered to put me up друзья предложили мне остановиться /пожить/ у них6) put up smth. /smth. up/ put up lots of money (200 francs, one's share, etc.) вкладывать большие суммы [денег] и т.д.; I will supply skill and knowledge if you will put up the capital я вложу умение и знания, если вы предоставите средства7) put up smb. /smb. up/ put up a candidate выдвинуть кандидатуру; he belonged to two clubs-his friend had put him up он был членом двух клубов, в которые его рекомендовал друг8) put up smth. /smth. up/ put up a play поставить пьесу /спектакль/; put up a performance a) устроить представление; б) разыгрывать из себя; he is putting up a bluff это блеф, он нас дурачит || put up a good show сделать что-л. хорошо9) put up smth. /smth. up/ put up a swindle провернуть мошенническую операцию10) put up smth. /smth. up/ put up peaches (pork. fruit, etc.) консервировать персики и т.д.; put up jam заготавливать [на зиму] варенье; put up a prescription приготовить лекарство [по рецепту]11) put up smth. /smth. up/ put up resistance сопротивляться, оказывать сопротивление; put up an argument спорить; put up objections возражать, выдвигать возражения; he put up a good fight он храбро бился /сражался/; he didn't give up without putting up a fight он не сдался без борьбы; what defence are you going to put up? как вы будете защищаться?; как вы будете оправдываться?, что вы представите в свое оправдание?; put up a yarn /а tale/ coll. сочинить историю, = пустить "утку"12) put up smb. /smb. up/ hunt. put up a hare (a partridge, etc.) поднять зайца и т.д.; put up a fox выгнать из норы лису2. IV1) put up smth. /smth. up/ at some time put up the shutters at night закрывать на ночь ставни; she does not put her hair up yet она еще не носит высокую прическу2) put up smth. /smth. up/ somewhere we must put up a house (a wall, a shed, etc.) here (there, etc.) мы должны построить здесь и т.д. дом и т.д.3. Vput up smb. smth. the cook will put us up some sandwiches повар приготовит и завернет нам бутерброды4. VIIput up smth. /smth. up/ to do smth.1) put up signs to show the way поставить дорожные знаки /дорожные указатели/; put up a wall to keep trespassers out поставит забор, чтобы посторонние не могли войти2) put up a job to steal the jewels подготовить /организовать/ кражу драгоценностей5. XI1) be put up in some time this building was put up in six months это здание было построено за шесть месяцев2) be put up let's go to theatre before a "sold out" sign is put up давайте пойдем в театр, пока не вывесили аншлаг3) be put up for some time we were put up for the night нас приютили /нам позволили остановиться/ на ночь; be put up by smb. we were put up by our friends мы остановились у друзей4) be put up for some time the bathing tents (the deck-chairs, etc.) have been put up for winter купальни и т.д. были убраны на зиму; be put up in smth. be put up in bales упаковывать в кипы, тюковать; this cream (this solution, etc.) is put up in tubes этот крем и т.д. выпускается в тубах /в тюбиках/; herrings are put up in barrels сельдь хранится в бочках5) be put up by smb. the mixture was put up by the druggist эту микстуру приготовил провизор6) || be put up for sale на имущество и т.д. были объявлены торги; the pictures were put up for sale at an auction картины были выставлены на аукционе /на публичных торгах/; such desks will be put up for sale this week на этой неделе такие письменные столы поступят в продажу; this building was put up for sale about a year ago это здание было объявлено к продаже около года назад7) be put up with smth., smb. there are many inconveniences that have to be put up with приходится мириться со многими неудобствами; he will have to be put up with придется вам его терпеть /мириться с его присутствием/8) be put up your name was put up была выдвинута ваша кандидатура; be put up for smth. be put up for ballot быть выдвинутым кандидатом на выборах; be put up at some time Smith will be put up for that county at the next election на следующих выборах Смит будет выдвинут кандидатом от этого графства6. XII1) have smth. put up somewhere have a telephone (the fittings, etc.) put up in one's room установить телефон и т.д. у себя в комнате2) have smth. put up I had some fruit put up [я попросил, чтобы] мне законсервировали фрукты7. XVI1) put up at (in) smth. put up at an inn (at a hotel, in a village, etc.) останавливаться в гостинице и т.д.; put up at a friend's останавливаться у друга; put up with smb. put up with the Smiths (with some friends, etc.) поселиться у Смитов и т.д.2) put up with smth., smb. put up with hardships (with insults, with evil, with an affront, with inconveniences, etc.) терпеть /терпеливо сносить/ несчастья и т.д.; put up with smb.'s temper мириться /примириться/ с чьим-л. дурным характером или настроением; I won't put up with that я этого не потерплю, я с этим не примирюсь; I can't put up with this noise any longer я не могу больше терпеть /выносить/ этот шум; put up with one another терпеть друг друга; no other man would put up with you for a mother-in-law никто не станет терпеть такую тещу, как вы3) put up for smth. put up for a club (for a seat, for the position of a secretary, for a secretaryship, etc.) выдвигать свою кандидатуру в члены клуба и т.д.; he is putting up for Parliament он баллотируется в парламент; are you going to put up for this county again? вы опять выставляете свою кандидатуру от этого графства?8. XXI11) put up smth. /smth. up/ at (in) smth. put up the curtains at the window (in the bedroom, etc.) поднимать занавески на окнах и т.д.2) put up smth. /smth. up/ around smth. put up a wall around their house возвести /построить/ стену вокруг их дома3) put up smth. /smth. up/ by smth. put up the rent by t 50 a year повысить квартирную плату на 50 фунтов в год; put up smth. /smth. up/ from smth. to smth. put up the rent from l 30 to l 35 повысить квартирную плату с 30 до 35 фунтов4) put up smb. /smb. up/ in smth. put up our guests in a hotel (in her house, in one room, etc, поселить наших гостей в гостинице и т.д.; put up smb. /smb. up/ for some time put smb. up for the night (for the week-end, etc.) давать кому-л. приют /место/ на ночь и т.д.; can you put up some extra guests for the night? вы можете /сможете/ поместить на ночь еще несколько человек?; put up smth., smb. /smth., smb. up/ in (at) smth. put up your car in our garage поставьте машину в наш гараж; put up a horse at a livery stable поставить лошадь на платную конюшню5) put up smth. /smth. up/ for smth., smb. put up money for an undertaking финансировать /вкладывать деньги в/ мероприятие; there are people that will put up money for things like that найдутся люди, которые согласятся финансировать подобные дела /мероприятия/; my father put up the money for my car отец дал мне деньги на машину; put up bail for smb. внести залог за кого-л.6) put up smth. /smth. up/ in smth. put up goods (meat, etc.) in boxes (in a parcel, in barrels, etc.) паковать /упаковывать/ товары и т.д. в ящики и т.д.; put up my lunch in a bag положите мой завтрак в пакет; put up smth. /smth. up/ for smth. put up the camping outfit for the winter убрать на зиму туристское снаряжение; put up money for rainy days откладывать деньги на черный день7) put up smth. /smth. up/ against smth., smb. put up a fight /a struggle/ against oppression начать борьбу с притеснением /эксплуатацией/; put up resistance against the invaders оказать сопротивление агрессору; put up pickets against the police выставить пикеты против полиции8) || put up smth. /smth. up/ for sale выставлять что-л. на продажу, пускать что-л. в продажу; put up one's possessions (goods, books,. etc.) for sale пустить в продажу свое имущество и т.д.; put up a house for sale объявить дом к продаже, продавать дом9) put up smth. /smth. up/ to smb. put one's ideas (one's suggestions, etc.) up to one's chief (to the board, etc.) изложить свои идеи и т.д. своему начальнику и т.д.; sham put it up to the manager? следует ли мне предложить или доложить это управляющему?10) put up smth. /smth. up/ for smth. she was forced to put up a petition for time ей пришлись подать просьбу об отсрочке11) id put smb.'s back up by smth. выводить кого-л. из себя чем-л.; I haven't put your back up by anything? я вас ничем не обидел?12) put up smb. /smb. up/ for smth., smb. put smb. up for a club (for president, etc.) выставлять чью-л. кандидатуру в члены клуба и т.д.13) put up smb. /smb. up/ to smth. put up the new clerk (the office-boy, etc.) to the duties he will have to perform вводить нового клерка и т.д. в круг его обязанностей; put up smb. to the ways of a place познакомить кого-л. с местными традициями; put smb. up to some mischief (to a trick, etc.) подбить кого-л. на шалость и т.д.; put smb. up to a crime толкать кого-л. на преступление; he put me up to it он надоумил меня сделать это; someone put the police up to it кто-то предупредил полицию об этом14) || put up a good show in smth. хорошо проявить себя в чем-л.; put up a good show in some sport добиться хороших показателей в каком-л. виде спорта9. XXIIput up smb. /smb. up/ to doing smth. someone put him up to calling us кто-то посоветовал ему позвонить нам10. XXIV11) put up smth. as smth. put up family jewelry (a valuable ring, a rare painting, etc.) оставлять /предоставлять, предъявлять/ фамильные драгоценности и т.д. в качестве залога2) || put up a superb (brilliant, etc.) performance as smb. прекрасно и т.д. играть роль кого-л.; this young actress puts up a wonderful performance as Portia эта молодая актриса прекрасно играет роль Порции -
6 entry
noun1) Eintritt, der ( into in + Akk.); (of troops) Einzug, der; (into organization) Beitritt, der ( into zu); (into country) Einreise, die; (ceremonial entrance) [feierlicher] Einzuggain entry to the house — ins Haus gelangen
a ‘no entry’ sign — ein Schild mit der Aufschrift "Zutritt/Einfahrt verboten"
2) (on to stage) Auftritt, der4) (registration, item registered) Eintragung, die (in, into in + Akk. od. Dat.); (in dictionary, encyclopaedia, yearbook, index) Eintrag, der* * *['entri]plural - entries; noun1) ((an) act of coming in or going in: They were silenced by the entry of the headmaster.) der Eintritt2) (the right to enter: We can't go in - the sign says `No Entry'.) der Zutritt3) (place of entrance, especially a passage or small entrance hall: Don't bring your bike in here - leave it in the entry.) der Eingang4) (a person or thing entered for a competition etc: There are forty-five entries for the painting competition.) die Anmeldung5) (something written in a list in a book etc: Some of the entries in the cash-book are inaccurate.) die Eintragung* * *en·try[ˈentri]n1. (act of entering) Eintritt m; (by car) Einfahrt f; (into a country) Einreise f; (into an organization or activity) Aufnahme f, Beitritt m; THEAT Auftritt m“no \entry” „Zutritt verboten“forcible \entry gewaltsames Eindringen6. (submitted item for competition) Einsendung f; (submitted solution) Lösung f; (number) Teilnehmerzahl fthe winning \entry der Beitrag, der/die Einsendung, die gewonnen hat8. (in bookkeeping)credit \entry Gutschrift f, Habenbuchung fdebit \entry Lastschrift f, Sollbuchung fcontra \entry Gegenbuchung fto contra an \entry einen Eintrag zurückbuchen9. LAW\entry of appearance schriftliche Anzeige der Verteidigungsbereitschaft\entry of judgment Eintragung f des Urteils* * *['entrɪ]n1) (into in +acc) (= coming or going in) Eintritt m; (by car etc) Einfahrt f; (into country) Einreise f; (into club, school etc) Aufnahme f; (THEAT) Auftritt mpoint of entry (of bullet etc) — Einschussstelle f; (of inlet pipe etc) Anschlussstelle f
to make an/one's entry — auftreten
3) (in diary, account book, dictionary etc) Eintrag mthe dictionary has 30,000 entries — das Wörterbuch enthält 30.000 Stichwörter
* * *entry [ˈentrı] s1. → academic.ru/24556/entrance">entrance1 1:2. Einreise f, Zuzug m:entry permit Einreiseerlaubnis f;entry and residence permit Zuzugsgenehmigung f;entry visa Einreisevisum n3. → entrance1 6Britain’s entry into the Common Market7. Einlass m, Zutritt m:force an entry into, make a forcible entry into gewaltsam eindringen in (akk), sich gewaltsam Zugang oder Zutritt verschaffen zu;“no entry” „Zutritt verboten!“, AUTO „keine Einfahrt!“8. a) Zu-, Eingang(stür) m(f), Einfahrt(stor) f(n)b) Flur m, (Eingangs-, Vor)Halle f9. a) Eintrag(ung) m(f), Vormerkung f:entry in a diary Tagebucheintrag(ung)10. WIRTSCHa) Eintragung f, Buchung f:b) (gebuchter) Posten11. WIRTSCH Eingang m (von Geldern etc):(up)on entry nach Eingang12. WIRTSCH, SCHIFF Einklarierung f, Zolldeklaration f:entry inwards (outwards) Einfuhr-(Ausfuhr)deklarationupon gen)15. GEOG (Fluss)Mündung f16. SPORTa) Nennung f, Meldung f:entry fee Startgeld n;c) koll Teilnehmer(zahl) pl(f) (auch allg eines Wettbewerbs):17. a) Beitrag m (zu einem Filmfestival etc)b) Lösung f (eines Preisausschreibens):“(have your) entries in by …” „Einsendeschluss …“* * *noun1) Eintritt, der ( into in + Akk.); (of troops) Einzug, der; (into organization) Beitritt, der ( into zu); (into country) Einreise, die; (ceremonial entrance) [feierlicher] Einzug‘no entry’ — (for people) "Zutritt verboten"; (for vehicle) "Einfahrt verboten"
a ‘no entry’ sign — ein Schild mit der Aufschrift "Zutritt/Einfahrt verboten"
2) (on to stage) Auftritt, der4) (registration, item registered) Eintragung, die (in, into in + Akk. od. Dat.); (in dictionary, encyclopaedia, yearbook, index) Eintrag, der5) (person or thing in competition) Nennung, die; (set of answers etc.) Lösung, die* * *(Computers) n.Eingabe -n f. n.Anfang -ë m.Einfahrt -en f.Eingang -¨e m.Einmarsch m.Eintrag -ë m.Eintragung f.Eintritt -e m.Einzug -¨e m. -
7 Housing
In a country with a chronic housing shortage, it is ironic that Portugal has preserved and restored one of Europe's finest collections of historic castles and palaces. For decades, well before the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal has endured a shortage of decent, affordable housing, whether rented or purchased, as well as the growth of sprawling urban shantytowns outside Lisbon, Oporto, and smaller towns such as Estoril. Known as bairros da lata, literally, "neighborhoods or boroughs of tin," these poorly constructed dwellings lack electricity, water, or sewage systems. The flimsy buildings are made of any kind of building materials, including sheets of galvanized tin that serve as roofs, walls, and doors. As of the early 1980s, it was estimated that there were at least 700,000 illegally constructed buildings in Portugal, some 200,000 of which were in the greater Lisbon area, an example of the worst kind of urban sprawl. Many of these structures were built on unused private lands or on public lands.Even after Portugal's economy began to benefit from membership in the European Economic Community (EEC; later the European Union), a significant portion of housing remained substandard, whether in rural or urban areas. By the early 1990s, electrification in rural areas was still not complete, and running water and sewage systems were lacking. As of the early 21st century, improvement in housing has occurred, but with population growth and the arrival of migrants from Europe, Brazil, and former colonies in Africa, the basic components of a housing crisis persist: shortage of decent rental or purchased housings; persistent urban shantytowns, which in some areas have expanded; and substandard living conditions.A majority of the Portuguese people (60 percent; and in Lisbon and Oporto, 80 percent) rent their housing. Improving or expanding such rental housing has been challenging in part because of rigid recent control laws that, between 1948 and 1985, tended to discourage either the maintenance and improvement or the construction of apartments. In suburbs outside Lisbon, large apartment houses were built after 1980 for the more prosperous new urbanites, but, as in the past, the supply of good, affordable housing lagged behind demand. Many Portuguese governments confronted and engaged the housing problem, and some excellent reforms were instituted. The contemporary housing crisis nevertheless persists and, after 2007, was complicated by the worldwide economic crisis.
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